• Trump announces 25% tariff on all goods from three countries.
• Chinese embassy spokesperson says no one will win a trade war.
• Bilateral trade cooperation mutually beneficial, says Liu Pengyu.

WASHINGTON: As people inside the United States and abroad brace for key policy changes in light of President-elect Donald Trump's victory in the presidential polls, the Republican has said that the intends to impose sweeping tariffs on goods from Mexico, Canada and China.

"On January 20th, as one of my many first Executive Orders, I will sign all necessary documents to charge Mexico and Canada a 25% tariff on ALL products coming into the United States," said Trump on his Truth Social account.

Trump's statement comes as he, in a series of posts, vowed to hit some of the US largest trading partners with duties on all goods entering the country.

Expanding on his policy towards China, Trump, said he would also be slapping Beijing with a 10% tariff, "above any additional Tariffs," in response to what he said was its failure to tackle fentanyl smuggling.

Tariffs remain a key part of his economic agenda, with the Republican vowing wide-ranging duties on allies and adversaries alike while he was on the campaign trail.

No winners in trade war

Both China and Canada issued swift responses, each calling their trade relationships with the US "mutually beneficial".

"No one will win a trade war," said Liu Pengyu, a spokesman for China's embassy in the US, told AFP by email, defending Beijing's efforts to curb fentanyl smuggling.

"China believes that China-US economic and trade cooperation is mutually beneficial in nature," added Liu.

Meanwhile, Canada said it was "essential" to US energy supplies, and insisted the relationship benefits American workers.

"We will of course continue to discuss these issues with the incoming administration," said the statement from Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland.

Trump's first term as president was marked by an aggressive and protectionist trade agenda that also targeted China, Mexico and Canada, as well as Europe.

While in the White House, Trump launched an all-out trade war with China, imposing significant tariffs on hundreds of billions of dollars of Chinese goods.

At the time he cited unfair trade practices, intellectual property theft, and the trade deficit as justifications.

China responded with retaliatory tariffs on American products, particularly affecting US farmers.

The US, Mexico and Canada are tied to a three-decade-old free trade agreement, now called the USMCA, that was renegotiated under Trump after he complained that the US businesses, especially automakers, were losing out.

"Mexico and Canada remain heavily dependent on the US market so their ability to walk away from President-elect Trump's threats remains limited," Wendy Cutler, vice president at the Asia Society Policy Institute, and former US trade official, told AFP.

By citing the fentanyl crisis and illegal immigration, Trump appeared to be using national security concerns as a means to break that deal, something that is usually allowed under the rules set by the World Trade Organisation or in trade deals.

But most countries and the WTO treat national security exceptions as something to be used sparingly, not as a routine tool of trade policy.

Trump in 2018 cited national security justifications to impose tariffs on steel and aluminium imports that targeted close allies like Canada, Mexico, and the European Union.

This led to retaliatory measures from the trading partners.

Growth at risk, inflation to soar

Many economists have warned that tariffs would hurt growth and push up inflation since they are primarily paid by importers bringing the goods into the US, who often pass those costs on to consumers.

But those in Trump's inner circle have insisted that the tariffs are a useful bargaining chip for the US to push its trading partners to agree to more favourable terms, and to bring back manufacturing jobs from overseas.

Trump has said he will put his commerce secretary designate Howard Lutnick, a China hawk, in charge of trade policy.

Lutnick has expressed support for a tariff level of 60% on Chinese goods alongside a 10% tariff on all other imports.

William Reinsch, senior adviser at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, said that that move was classic Trump who believed in the policy of "threaten, and then negotiate".

"In terms of what might actually happen, I'd bet on some China tariffs going into effect. That's legally easier and politically more palatable," he said.

"On Canada and Mexico, there was going to be a renegotiation of their trade deal [the USMCA] anyway in 2026," he added.